Last night, I was lying in bed trying to fall asleep. Of course, when I went to bed, I said my prayers like any good Catholic boy would. But lying there afterwards, I began to think about praying and how effective it could be. In other words, I began to consider whether, metaphysically, it is possible for prayer to work.
Let me explain a few things before I delve into this question. First, what does it mean for something to be “metaphysical”? Well, “meta” means beyond. I think you know what “physical” means – think about a physical object. So what is beyond a physical object? Something metaphysical – something beyond the physical realm. For instance, if there are “ghosts†or “spirits†one might hypothesize that they would be metaphysical beings – beings which the physical world can not really communicate with in any meaningful way; beings which do not have to abide by physical laws. Now, it does not necessarily go both ways: it’s possible something metaphysical can affect the physical, just not vice versa.
Hopefully that makes sense. Well, now what does it mean for something to be metaphysically possible? Again, let’s begin with what it means for something to be physically possible. I think this is something commonly understood: something physically possible is something which is possible according to the natural laws. If you like, you could probably replace “natural laws†with the “laws of physicsâ€. It’s kind of semantics. Okay, so something metaphysically possible is something that is possible beyond the physical realm. In other words, everything physically possible is metaphysically possible, but there are some things which would be metaphysically possible that would not be physically possible.
Let me give a few examples to make this crystal clear. How about someone jumping 100 feet into the air on earth? Obviously, this is physically impossible: no one can jump 100 feet into the air on earth – not even Michael. Gravity is responsible for this. But is jumping 100 feet in the air metaphysically possible? Sure. For something to be metaphysically possible, the only criterion is that someone can imagine it occurring without any contradiction occurring. Surely, I can imagine someone jumping 100 feet into the air – it would be like something out of “The Matrixâ€. It’s definitely metaphysically possible. Now this might seem like kind of a broad definition, what can’t someone imagine being possible without contradiction? How about if I said “if a = 1 and b = 2, then a = bâ€. This is metaphysically impossible, because we cannot possibly imagine any kind of reality where 1 = 2. That would just be incompressible; it would be a contradiction.
Wow, that took longer than I anticipated, but it was necessary, and hey, just think of the great philosophical concepts you just learned. Okay, now some assumptions I’ll make about God and Religion. Let’s assume an omnipotent God. This God knows everything: past, present, and future. Now there is something called “prayer†wherein a human can “pray†to this God, and if God hears these prayers then He can choose to listen to these prayers by answering them with the desired results, but surely He can reject prayer requests as well if he so chooses.
So let’s take a guy named Bobby. Bobby’s a nice Irish Catholic gent. He’s excited about St. Patrick’s Day. He knows, however, that he’s going to drink like a fish on St. Patrick’s Day (after all: he’s Irish), and he’s worried about getting hung over. So he prays: “Oh God, I hope to celebrate this upcoming holiday of yours with the wicked brew. Please Almighty God, help me not to be hung over the next morning.†Is it possible for God to answer this prayer?
At first, such a request seems easy: God could wave his hand late that evening while Bobby is sleeping and suddenly change Bobby’s blood alcohol level from .15 to zero. But wait: if God knows the past, present, and future, that implies that the future is predetermined. So let’s say it has already been predetermined that Bobby was going to be hung over the next morning. If God were to change that, he would be changing the already predetermined future.
This is a problem. We’re saying that, before Bobby prayed, if St. Peter had asked God whether or not Bobby would be hung over, he would have looked into the future and replied, “Why yes Peter, it seems that he will be.†But then Bobby prayed, God listened, and Bobby was not hung over. That day Peter can look down upon earth and see this and say: “God – it seems you were wrong.†God can’t be wrong, by definition.
This is, in fact, a metaphysical impossibility. That’s really bad. Remember that when something is metaphysically impossible that means that it doesn’t even make sense to talk of it being possible, because it’s contradictory and basically complete rubbish. So something has to give.
There are a few paths that can lead to a solution. Most of these solutions attack our assumptions. First, one can just say that things aren’t predetermined. While convenient, this would also probably force someone to hold the belief that either God cannot know the future or that He does not have the ability to make the future static. Neither of these are particularly attractive beliefs for most who believe in God to hold. (The whole idea of things being predetermined or “Determinism†is a very complicated and undecided philosophical question that I studied for an entire semester, so I really don’t want to go deeper than this, because books can be written on it, and have been.) So I don’t like this solution, because it seriously weakens the conception of a God that one can have.
Another solution might be that God doesn’t answer prayers that deviate from the predetermined path: If Bobby had prayed for no hangover, God would have shrugged his shoulders and said “sorry Bobby, I can’t/won’t help ya.†This is also a horrible solution for two reasons. First, if he “can’tâ€, then it necessitates that God is not all powerful, which most who believe in a God would not be willing to accept. Second, either way, it means that prayer is completely useless: if you pray for something predetermined not to happen, then it won’t be answered; if you pray for something predetermined to happen, it would have happened anyway, so why bother praying? This is a particularly bad outcome, since it’s exactly what this investigation hopes to avoid.
At first, I was troubled by this problem, until I realized a convenient and non-contradictory way out: If actions are predetermined, and prayer is an action, then prayer is necessarily predetermined too. In other words, it is not possible that God fails to answer a prayer that he chooses to answer, since the predetermined path includes that prayer being made, as well as the outcome – the two are inseparable. In other words, the reason why Bobby’s situation seems problematic is because it could never happen. If Bobby was going to be hungover, then God would have chosen not to listen to his prayer in the first place. And he would have known this choice since the beginning of time. If Bobby was not going to be hungover, thus having God answer his prayer, then God would have chosen to listen to his prayer. And He would have known this since the beginning of time. In other words, in the latter scenario, there was never a future outcome where Bobby was hung over.
“But wait!†replies the skeptic. “You’re just saying what you said before: Bobby’s prayer is useless either way.†This, however, is not the case. Bobby’s prayer is the causal action (his prayer) that leads to his being or not being hung over. And if one assumes that humans have free will (which, I grant, is complicated assumption in a predetermined universe, but that’s another essay), then the predetermined track always took this prayer into consideration, but the predetermined track did not cause him to be or not be hung over. It is about the causal chain, and the outcome arises from the prayer and not from mere predetermination.
Does your head hurt yet? Relax: I’m almost done. Now not everyone would be convinced by this explanation; I do not claim that it is uncontroversial. Because basically I’m saying that somehow Bobby’s free will was part of the path that was already predetermined. And what good is free will if it’s part of a deterministic universe? How can it even be properly called “freeâ€? Ahhh, that my friend is the question that I investigated for a semester in my course on Free Will. But there is a large movement of philosophers called Compatiblists who believe it’s possible to reconcile the two (that they’re “compatibleâ€). So if you agree with them, then this solution is fabulous. If not, then you’ll have to think about this problem tonight when you’re lying in bed trying to get to sleep, just like I did last night.